Learning Nouns, Adjectives, Adverbs and Verbs

NOUNS

Proper Nouns are the names of persons or places. e.g. Afzal, Lahore, Pakistan.

Common Nouns are the names of things. e.g. a book, a tree, water, air.

Abstract Nouns cannot be seen or touched. e.g. courage, honesty, childhood, happiness, strength, assistance, generosity, independence.

N.B. A word must be a Noun if you can put "the" in front of it and "of" after it. e.g. The courage of the troops; the honesty of the man; the childhood of Babar; the happiness of the people; the strength of Hercules; the independence of Pakistan.

ADJECTIVES

To test if a word is an Adjective, place it in front of a Noun and it will tell you "what kind of" or  "which". Such Adjectives are called Adjectives of Quality.
e.g. A stupid man, a lazy boy, hot water, an interesting book, great strength, a foolish answer, a skilful player, an imperial conference, the Russian army, a national holiday.

ADVERBS

An Adverb is normally formed by adding 'ly' to the Adjective. Most Adverbs answer the question "how?" These are called Adverbs of Manner.

E.g. He behaved stupidly; they played skilfully; he was punished severely; the sun shone brightly.

N.B.

• If the Adjective ends in - y, change "y" into "i'' before adding-ly, e.g. lazy - lazily, happy - happily.
• If the Adjective ends in -ble, drop the "e" before adding - ly, e.g. able - ably , noble - nobly .
• Some Adverbs do not e nd in -ly. e.g . He ran fast ; he played well.

VERBS

To test if a word is a Verb:

(a)  Put "to" in front and it gives the infinitive. e.g. to play, to run, to advise.

(b ) See if it has a Present Participle (ending in - ing) e .g . p laying , running, advising.

(c) See if it has Tenses. e .g . I played , he ran, I shall p lay, he has played.

Examples

Noun	Verb	Adjective	Adverb
Ability	Enable	Able	Ably
Certainty	Ascertain	Certain	Certainly
Cleanliness	Clean	Clean	Cleanly
Compulsion	Compel	Compulsory	Compulsorily
Courage	Encourage	Courageous	Courageously
Danger	Endanger	Dangerous	Dangerously
Decision	Decide	Decisive	Decisively
Destruction	Destroy	Destructive	Destructively
Falsehood	Falsify	False	Falsely
Favour	Favour	Favourite	-
Heir	Inherit	Hereditary	-
Hope	Hope	Hopeful(less)	Hopefully
Influence	Influence	Influential	Influentially
Joy	Enjoy	Joyful	Joyfully
Justice	Justify	Just	Justly
Necessity	Necessitate	Necessary	Necessarily
Obedience	Obey	Obedient	Obediently
Pleasure	Please	Pleasant	Pleasantly
Poverty	Impoverish	Poor	Poorly
Practice	Practice	Practical	Practically
Publicity	Publish	Public	Publicly
Purity	Purify	Pure	Purely
Simplicity	Simplify	Simple	Simply
Strength	Strengthen	Strong	Strongly
Success	Succeed	Successful	Successfully
Sureness	Assure	Sure	Surely(ensure)
Sympathy	Sympathise	Sympathetic	Sympathetically
Truth	True	Truly	-
Width	Widen	Wide	Widely

Verbs	Nouns		Adjectives	Nouns
Abolish	Abolition		Accurate	Accuracy
Abound	Abundance		Anxious	Anxiety
Accuse	Accusation		Cruel	Cruelty
Achieve	Achievement		Fierce, Ferocious	Ferocity
Acquire	Acquisition		Generous	Generosity
Acquit	Acquittal		Grand	Grandeur
Announce	Announcement		(ig)noble	Nobility
Approve	Approval		(im)possible	(im)possibility
Arrive	Arrival		Important	Importance
Ascend	Ascent		(in)convenient	(in)convenience
Assist	Assistance/Assistant		(in)efficient	(in)efficiency
Assume	Assumption		Inferior	Inferiority
Bear	Birth		(in)sincere	(in)sincerity
Begin	Beginning		Legal	Legality
Behave	Behaviour		Loyal	Loyalty
Betray	Betrayal		Peculiar	Peculiarity
Bind	Bond,bondage		Physical	Physique
Carry	Carriage		Precise	Precision
Choose	Choice		Private	Privacy
Collide	Collision		Rapid	Rapidity
Cultivate	Cultivation		Royal	Royalty
Declare	Declaration		Scarce	Scarcity
Deny	Denial		Serious	Seriousness
Depose	Deposition		Severe	Severity
Dismiss	Dismissal		Splendid	Splendour
Economical	Economy		Stupid	Stupidity
Enter	Entrance,entry		Superior	Superiority
Exclaim	Exclamation		Supreme	Supremacy
Expel	Expulsion		Treacherous	Treachery
Explode	Explosion		(un)civil	(in)civility
Explore	Exploration		(un)grateful	(in)gratitude
Forgive	Forgiveness		(un)punc1ual	(un)punctuality
Give	Gift		(un)social	Society
Improve	Improvement		Vain	Vanity
Inspect	Inspection		Wise	Wisdom
Interfere	Interference
Invite	Invitation
Know	Knowledge
Lend	Loan

Nouns	Adjectives
Air	Airy room
Character	Characteristic attitude
Child	Childish behaviour, childlike appearance
Cloud	Cloudy day
Conscience	Conscientious worker
Day	Daily routine
(dis)advantage	(dis)advantageous position
Disaster	Disastrous result
Empire	Imperial throne
Energy	Energetic person
Europe	European war
Event	(un)eventful journey
Example	Exemplary conduct
Fable	Fabulous wealth
Fault	Faulty style
Fever	Feverish activity
Fire	Fiery speech
Giant	Gigantic project
Heaven	Heavenly sight
Hero	Heroic defence
Luck	(un)lucky fellow
Mercy	Merciful (less) ruler
Method	(un)methodical person
Mischief	Mischievous boy
Moment	Momentous decision (very important) Momentary glimpse (for a moment)
Money	Monetary gain
Mountain	Mountainous country
Navy	Naval warfare
Noise	Noisy fellow
Nonsense	Nonsensical remark
North	Northern Pakistan
Palace	Palatial accommodation
Peace	Peaceful methods, peaceable race
Pluck	Plucky effort
Religion	(ir)religious person
Revenge	Revengeful person
Sense	Sensible person or measure, sensitive person (feelings easily hurt)
Skill	(un)skillful player, skilled workman
Soldier	Soldierly conduct
System	(un)systematic planning
Tyranny,Tyrant	Tyrannical step.
Vice	Vicious animal
Virtue	Virtuous person
Wool	Woollen cloth
Zeal	Zealous patriot (keen)

Adjectives	Verbs
Economical	Economise
Half	Halve
Less	Lessen
Right	Rectify

Many words can be used as more than one part of speech,

e.g. absent, address, advance, answer, bow, bother, bowl, bribe, brush, bear, capture, chief, command, control, convict, counsel, criminal, daily, damage, dispute, drop, dry, early, English, end, exercise, excuse, express, fair, fare, face, fast, fine, firm, fleet, flock, force, forest, guess, hard, increase, interest, invitation, just, journey, knife, lack, lie, light, level, lead, load, long, maiden, measure, mind, mention, minute, murder, official, photograph, pilot, pluck, plot, plan, plunder, poison, produce, promise, protest, present, prize, regard, repair, reply, report, request, result, retreat, revolt, rival, salute, sacrifice, savage, search, scheme, secure, secret, share, shelter, signal, silver, silence, soil, sole, sorrow, spare, smoke, spring, spoil, station, steady, still, storm, stick, strike, standard, sacrifice, struggle, strike, swallow, surrender, surprise, support, supply, suit, subject, temper, telephone, tear, thunder, thirst, total, touch, town, trail, triumph, trick, umpire, watch, weary.